Conclusion-I

• Racial disparities in health are large, pervasive and persistent over time.

• Racial inequalities in health reflect larger inequalities in society.

• In the U.S., policies to reduce racial differences in economic status have failed

  • The unemployment rate for blacks was 1.8 times as high as that of whites in 1950, and 2.3 times as high in 1998.
  • Blacks earned 59 cents for every dollar earned by whites in 1978 and 61 cents for every dollar in 1998.
  • In 1968, 2.5% of all US physicians were black, and in 1999, 2.9% of doctors were black.